What is the function of a galvanometer in a circuit?
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A galvanometer is an instrument used to detect the presence of a weak electric current in a circuit and to determine its direction.
Q2short answer1 mark
Why is biogas considered an excellent fuel?
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Biogas is considered an excellent fuel because it burns without smoke, leaves no residue (ash), has a high calorific value, and is produced from organic waste, making it an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy.
Q3short answer2 marks
How it can be proved that the basic structure of the Modern Periodic Table is based on the electronic configuration of atoms of different elements?
OR
The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 4. State its
(a) group and period in the Modern Periodic Table.
(b) name and write its one physical property.
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Modern Periodic Table is based on atomic number (Z), which is defined by the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. Since the electronic configuration determines how electrons are arranged in shells (period number) and valence electrons (group number), the chemical properties of elements are directly dependent on their electronic configuration.
OR
(a) Electronic configuration 2, 8, 4: Period = 3 (number of shells), Group = 14 (4 + 10 as valence electrons are 4).
(b) The element is Silicon (Si). One physical property: It is a metalloid and a semiconductor.
Q4short answer2 marks
Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in human body. Write the products formed in each case.
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1. Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of energy (ATP). 2. Anaerobic Respiration (in muscle cells): Occurs during lack of oxygen. Products: Lactic acid and energy.
Q5short answer2 marks
Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the curvature of the eye lens which enables us to see the nearby objects clearly?
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Power of accommodation is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length using ciliary muscles to focus objects at varying distances. To see nearby objects, ciliary muscles contract, increasing the curvature (making it thicker) of the eye lens to decrease its focal length.
Q6long answer
The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 4. State its (a) group and period in the Modern Periodic Table. (b) name and write its one physical property.
Step-by-Step AI Explanation
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(a) The element has 3 electron shells, so it belongs to Period 3. Since it has 4 valence electrons, it belongs to Group 14 (4+10). (b) The element is Silicon. Physical property: It is a brittle solid with a metallic luster, acting as a semiconductor.
Q6long answer3 marks
2 g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish and the china dish is placed in sunlight for sometime. What will be your observation in this case? Write the chemical reaction involved in the form of a balanced chemical equation. Identify the type of chemical reaction.
OR
Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following cases and write the balanced chemical equation for the reactions.
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead iodide.
Step-by-Step AI Explanation
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Observation: The white silver chloride turns grey due to the formation of silver metal. Reaction: 2AgCl(s) -> (sunlight) 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g). This is a photolytic decomposition reaction.
OR
(a) Displacement reaction: Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) -> Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s). (b) Double displacement (precipitation) reaction: 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) -> 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s).
Q7short answer3 marks
Identify the acid and the base from which sodium chloride is obtained. Which type of salt is it? When is it called rock salt? How is rock salt formed?
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Sodium chloride is obtained from Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It is a neutral salt. It is called rock salt when it is found as large crystals in beds of sedimentary rocks. It was formed millions of years ago when evaporated ancient seas left behind deposits of mineral salt.
Q8short answer3 marks
Based on the group valency of elements write the molecular formula of the following compounds giving justification for each:
(i) Oxide of first group elements.
(ii) Halide of the elements of group thirteen, and
(iii) Compound formed when an element, A of group 2 combines with an element, B of group seventeen.
Step-by-Step AI Explanation
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(i) Group 1 elements have a valency of 1, and Oxygen has a valency of 2. By criss-crossing the valencies, the formula is M2O. (ii) Group 13 elements have a valency of 3, and Halogens (Group 17) have a valency of 1. The formula is MX3. (iii) Element A (Group 2) has a valency of 2, and Element B (Group 17) has a valency of 1. The formula is AB2.
Q9short answer3 marks
Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
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1. Arteries: These carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various body parts and have thick, elastic walls. 2. Veins: These carry deoxygenated blood from body parts back to the heart and contain valves to ensure unidirectional flow. 3. Capillaries: These are extremely thin, single-celled vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.
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What are plant hormones? Name the plant hormones responsible for the following:
(i) Growth of stem
(ii) Promotion of cell division
(iii) Inhibition of growth
(iv) Elongation of cells
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Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny was obtained by Mendel in F₁ and F₂ generations when he crossed the tall and short plants? Write the ratio he obtained in F₂ generation plants.
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List two differences between acquired and inherited traits giving one example of each.
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What is water harvesting? List two main advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level. Write two causes for the failure of sustained availability of groundwater.
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(a) List in tabular form three chemical properties on the basis of which we can differentiate between a metal and a non-metal.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide [Fe₂O₃] with heated aluminium is used to join cracked machine parts.
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Write the chemical formula and name of the compound which is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write chemical equation and name of the product formed when this compound reacts with:
(i) sodium metal
(ii) hot concentrated sulphuric acid
OR
What is methane? Draw its electron dot structure. Name the type of bonds formed in this compound. Why are such compounds:
(i) poor conductors of electricity? and
(ii) have low melting and boiling points? What happens when this compound burns in oxygen?
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Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List two agents of pollination. How does suitable pollination lead to fertilization?
OR
(a) Identify the given diagram. Name the parts 1 to 5.
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Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List two agents of pollination? How does suitable pollination lead to fertilization? OR (a) Identify the given diagram. Name the parts 1 to 5. (b) What is contraception? List three advantages of adopting contraceptive measures.
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An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm. (i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens. (ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case. (iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of part (ii).
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(a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group of resistances joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. (b) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 Ω each are joined in parallel to a 6 V battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. OR An electric lamp of resistance 2Ω and a conductor of resistance 4Ω are connected to a 6 V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate: (a) the total resistance of the circuit, (b) the current through the circuit, (c) the potential difference across the (i) electric lamp and (ii) conductor, and (d) power of the lamp.
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What is methane? Draw its electron dot structure. Name the type of bonds formed in this compound. Why are such compounds: (i) poor conductors of electricity? and (ii) have low melting and boiling points? What happens when this compound burns in oxygen?
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What is a solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of (i) a current carrying solenoid and (ii) a bar magnet. List two distinguishing features between the two fields.
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Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes A and B containing dilute HCI and NaOH solution respectively. In which test tube a colour change will be observed? State the colour change and give its reason.
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What is observed when 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 1 g of sodium carbonate taken in a clean and dry test tube? Write chemical equation for the reaction involved. (OR)
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Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes A and B containing dilute HCI and NaOH solution respectively. In which test tube a colour change will be observed? State the colour change and give its reason. OR What is observed when 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 1 g of sodium carbonate taken in a clean and dry test tube? Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
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In three test tubes A, B, and C, three different liquids namely, distilled water, underground water and distilled water in which a pinch of calcium sulphate is dissolved, respectively are taken. Equal amount of soap solution is added to each test tube and the contents are shaken. In which test tube will the length of the foam (lather) be longest? Justify your answer.
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A student is observing the temporary mount of a leaf peel under a microscope. Draw labelled diagram of the structure of stomata as seen under the microscope.
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In the experimental set up to show that "CO₂ is given out during respiration", name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and the consequence of its use.
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While studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it, in order to determine the resistance of the resistor, a student took 5 readings for different values of current and plotted a graph between V and I. He got a straight line graph passing through the origin. What does the straight line signify? Write the method of determining resistance of the resistor using this graph.
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What would you suggest to a student if while performing an experiment he finds that the pointer/needle of the ammeter and voltmeter do not coincide with the zero marks on the scales when circuit is open? No extra ammeter/voltmeter is available in the laboratory. (OR)
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List four precautions which a student should observe while determining the focal length of a given convex lens by obtaining image of a distant object on a screen.
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